This week i wonder to what happen when salt in out body get decrease. I find that hyponatremia is the name of diseases to the low salt or sodium in the blood. It is mostly find the women because they do lots of work everyday. Indian women have to do so much work and because of this they suffer from many health issues . This is one of them face by them .
Symptoms are not usually very specific and can include changes to a person's mental state, headache, nausea and vomiting, tiredness, muscle spasms and seizures.
Hyponatremia may be caused by drinking too much water, for example during strenuous exercise, without adequate replacement of sodium.
It may also be due to a loss of sodium and body fluid.
Severe hyponatremia can lead to coma and can be fatal.
Sodium is the primary positively charged ion in the environment outside of the cell and cannot freely cross from the interstitial space into the cell. Charged sodium ions attract up to 25 water molecules around them thereby creating a large polar structure that is too large to pass through the cell membrane. Normal serum sodium levels are between approximately 135 and 145 mEq/liter (135 - 145 mmol/L). Hyponatremia is generally defined as a serum sodium level of less than 135 mEq/L and is considered severe when the serum sodium level is below 125 mEq/L.
Treatment of hyponatremia involves intravenous fluid and electrolyte replacement, medicine to manage the symptoms of hyponatremia, as well as any treatments for any underlying cause.
Hyponatremia can also result when sodium is lost from the body or when both sodium and fluid are lost from the body - for example, during prolonged sweating and severe vomiting or diarrhoea.
Medical conditions that can sometimes be associated with hyponatremia are adrenal insufficiency, hypothyroidism, and cirrhosis of the liver. The eating disorder anorexia can also cause a sodium imbalance.
Some medicines can lower blood sodium levels. Examples of these include diuretics (water tablets), desmopressin, and sulfonylureas.
In chronic hyponatraemia, in which the blood sodium levels drop gradually over time, symptoms are typically less severe than with acute hyponatraemia (a sudden drop in blood sodium level). Symptoms can be very nonspecific and can include:
Hyponatremia is corrected slowly in order to lessen the risk of the development of central pontine myelinolysis (CPM), a severe neurological disease involving a breakdown of themyelin sheaths covering parts of nerve cells. In fact, overly rapid correction of hyponatremia is the most common cause of that potentially devastating disorder.During treatment of hyponatremia, the serum sodium (salt level in the blood) is not allowed to rise by more than 8 mmol/l over 24 hours (i.e. 0.33 mmol/l/h rate of rise). In practice, too rapid correction of hyponatremia and thence CPM is most likely to occur during the treatment of hypovolemic hyponatremia. In particular, once the hypovolemic state has been corrected, the signal for ADH release disappears. At that point, there will be an abrupt water diuresis (an increase in urination since there is no longer any ADH acting to retain the water). A rapid and profound rise in serum sodium (salt level in the blood) can then occur. Should the rate of rise of serum sodium exceed 0.33 mmol/l/h over several hours, vasopressin may be administered to prevent ongoing rapid water diuresis (excessive urination).
What is hyponatremia?
Hyponatremia is a low level of sodium or salt in the blood.Symptoms are not usually very specific and can include changes to a person's mental state, headache, nausea and vomiting, tiredness, muscle spasms and seizures.
Hyponatremia may be caused by drinking too much water, for example during strenuous exercise, without adequate replacement of sodium.
It may also be due to a loss of sodium and body fluid.
Severe hyponatremia can lead to coma and can be fatal.
Sodium is the primary positively charged ion in the environment outside of the cell and cannot freely cross from the interstitial space into the cell. Charged sodium ions attract up to 25 water molecules around them thereby creating a large polar structure that is too large to pass through the cell membrane. Normal serum sodium levels are between approximately 135 and 145 mEq/liter (135 - 145 mmol/L). Hyponatremia is generally defined as a serum sodium level of less than 135 mEq/L and is considered severe when the serum sodium level is below 125 mEq/L.
Treatment of hyponatremia involves intravenous fluid and electrolyte replacement, medicine to manage the symptoms of hyponatremia, as well as any treatments for any underlying cause.
What causes hyponatremia?
A low sodium level in the blood may result from excess water or fluid in the body, diluting the normal amount of sodium so that the concentration appears low. This type of hyponatremia can be the result of chronic conditions such as kidney failure (when excess fluid cannot be efficiently excreted) and congestive heart failure, in which excess fluid accumulates in the body. SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone) is a disease whereby the body produces too much anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), resulting in retention of water in the body.Hyponatremia can also result when sodium is lost from the body or when both sodium and fluid are lost from the body - for example, during prolonged sweating and severe vomiting or diarrhoea.
Medical conditions that can sometimes be associated with hyponatremia are adrenal insufficiency, hypothyroidism, and cirrhosis of the liver. The eating disorder anorexia can also cause a sodium imbalance.
Some medicines can lower blood sodium levels. Examples of these include diuretics (water tablets), desmopressin, and sulfonylureas.
What are the symptoms of hyponatremia (low blood sodium)?
When sodium levels in the body are low, water tends to enter cells, causing them to swell. When this occurs in the brain, it is referred to as cerebral oedema. Cerebral oedema is particularly dangerous because the brain is confined in the skull without room for expansion, and the swelling can lead to brain damage as the pressure increases within the skull.In chronic hyponatraemia, in which the blood sodium levels drop gradually over time, symptoms are typically less severe than with acute hyponatraemia (a sudden drop in blood sodium level). Symptoms can be very nonspecific and can include:
- Headache
- Confusion or altered mental state
- Seizures
- Decreased consciousness which can proceed to coma and death.
- Restlessness
- Muscle spasms or cramps
- Weakness, and tiredness
DIAGNOSIS:-
The symptoms of hyponatraemia are not specific, so a blood test measuring the sodium level is needed to confirm the diagnosis of hyponatraemia. Sometimes the medical history (such as prolonged vomiting or excessive sweating) will help a doctor with the diagnosis. In other cases, further blood tests, urine tests, and imaging studies may be needed in order to determine the exact cause of the hyponatraemia.Treatment:-
Mild chronic hyponatraemia may not require treatment other than adjustments in diet, lifestyle or medication. For severe or acute hyponatraemia, treatment often involves intravenous (IV or drip) fluids and electrolytes. In this case medication is often needed to treat the underlying cause of the hyponatraemia as well as medication to manage the accompanying symptoms.Hyponatremia is corrected slowly in order to lessen the risk of the development of central pontine myelinolysis (CPM), a severe neurological disease involving a breakdown of themyelin sheaths covering parts of nerve cells. In fact, overly rapid correction of hyponatremia is the most common cause of that potentially devastating disorder.During treatment of hyponatremia, the serum sodium (salt level in the blood) is not allowed to rise by more than 8 mmol/l over 24 hours (i.e. 0.33 mmol/l/h rate of rise). In practice, too rapid correction of hyponatremia and thence CPM is most likely to occur during the treatment of hypovolemic hyponatremia. In particular, once the hypovolemic state has been corrected, the signal for ADH release disappears. At that point, there will be an abrupt water diuresis (an increase in urination since there is no longer any ADH acting to retain the water). A rapid and profound rise in serum sodium (salt level in the blood) can then occur. Should the rate of rise of serum sodium exceed 0.33 mmol/l/h over several hours, vasopressin may be administered to prevent ongoing rapid water diuresis (excessive urination).
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